The Roaring Twenties heralded an age of material and cultural resplendence as technology and innovation boomed on both sides of the Atlantic.

In the wake of the First World War, families delighted in a return to relative normalcy and the luxury of investing time and money into their home lives once again. However, this brief and exhilarating window of decadence was cut unceremoniously short by the Great Depression.

Read on to discover the fascinating story of life in the 1920s. To enjoy these pictures on a desktop computer FULL SCREEN, click on the icon at the top right of the image...

In stark contrast to the many European economies that suffered dramatically in the wake of the First World War, the US entered a period of unprecedented economic boom.

With a wealth of natural resources such as iron, coal, minerals, timber and oil at its disposal and waves of immigrants pouring into the country to provide a cheap workforce, the US embarked on a chapter of rapid innovation and mass commercial production.

The country entered the 1920s poised to become a global financial superpower and home life was comfortable for many.

The 1920s witnessed a doubling of American industrial growth, resulting in a dramatically increased consumer culture. Indeed, this chapter in history gave rise to the concept of people as ‘consumers’, a population of homeowners now eager to spend money on goods ranging from everyday necessities to new and innovative home luxuries. 

This image shows the average American grocery store of the 1920s, filled with new and exciting products for shoppers to take home.

The 1920s saw the birth of a world-changing phenomenon: the domestic radio. In the early years of the decade, radios became ubiquitous in American homes, taking their place as the first modern mass medium.

Just as families today sit around a TV to watch a favourite show, entire households would gather around the wireless to tune in to their favourite radio shows, which were being regularly scheduled for the first time.

Radios connected a range of demographics – old and young, rich and poor, urban and suburban, male and female – joining all Americans into a “common culture”, according to historian Tom Lewis.

Radio wasn't the only technology beginning to find its way into family homes. According to the US Census Bureau, 35% of homes had telephone service in 1920, a number that continued to rise throughout the decade in affluent households.

The candlestick telephone, also known as a stick phone, was the most common household phone of the era. It comprised a mouthpiece mounted on a stand with an earpiece resting in a cradle.

Actress and singer Marlene Dietrich is photographed here making a call with a candlestick telephone to her daughter from her bedroom in Hollywood in 1929.

With the dramatic increase in access to electricity and the post-war industrial boom, electronic home products were taking the consumer market by storm too, revolutionising household tasks at a stroke.

Tried and true cleaning implements such as brooms and carpet beaters were replaced by the Electrolux, an early form of vacuum introduced in 1921, while electric shavers and crimping irons became bathroom staples.

Kitchens too were dramatically changed. The first self-contained home refrigerator was developed by Frigidaire in 1918, while the company pioneered the first home freezer just over a decade later in 1929. 

The chest-style freezer replaced the traditional iceboxes that were previously used in households and facilitated the introduction of lines of frozen food products, which in turn, revolutionised meal preparation.

To accommodate these new electric appliances, kitchens got an all-new look in the 1920s. This was the dawn of the vastly marketable concept of the kitchen as the domain of the “fashionable housewife”, and a wide range of home products were produced and advertised along these lines.

Adverts from the time showed sleek, modern-looking spaces featuring chequered linoleum flooring, cheerfully painted walls and gas and electric fittings.

After years of wartime rationing, the 20s were also a time of culinary celebration. For wealthy families, sumptuous, multi-course meals called for hours of preparation, while extravagant dinner parties were elaborate feasts for the stomach and the eyes. 

Consequently, in spite of the trend towards reduced household staff, many families retained kitchen help for this reason.

The Art Deco movement dominated the decades between 1919 and 1939 and was the stylistic benchmark for the 20s. The aesthetic originated in France but soon spread around the world thanks to the Paris Exposition of 1925, a showcase of decorative and industrial design. 

This image of the New Victoria Cinema in Westminster, London taken in 1930 shows the style's impact across Europe.

Initially known as 'le style moderne' or 'Jazz Moderne', it was not until 1968 that the style received its current name after a period of academic reappraisal, according to the New York Public Library.

Art Deco was designed to symbolise everything chic, elegant, exuberant and, above all, modern. The style, which came to influence fashion, architecture, interior design and the decorative arts, was characterised by a distinctly streamlined look, frequently featuring geometric shapes and clean lines.

In contrast to the natural forms that inspired its predecessor, Art Nouveau, Art Deco emphasised speed, power and progress. It embraced the expression of industrial design and the forward-looking momentum of machine-age technologies. 

The public clamour for Art Deco goods – compounded by the booming economy, the rise of mass production and the intensified cultural focus on luxury and opulence – created something of a perfect storm for popular consumerism.

Inextricably linked as it was with commercialism, the Art Deco movement became defined by the Futurist philosophy, “speed is beauty”. The pace at which these items were produced, purchased and placed in homes epitomised the rapid acceleration of life in the 1920s.

These stylistic trends influenced domestic interior design in numerous ways. Burnished metals and cherry or mahogany panelling became a popular choice for public-facing rooms, often offset by low-slung, light-coloured furnishings.

Gone were the more ornate holdovers from the Victorian Gothic craze at the end of the previous century, replaced instead by sleek, streamlined tables, simple silhouetted ottomans and the introduction of materials like Bakelite and bronze.

Colour palettes also reflected the period’s overarching air of optimism, with bold reds, blues and yellows dominating many interior designs.

Following the 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb, there was also a popular craze for Egyptian-inspired motifs and styles, including basket furniture, pottery and Egyptian Revival architecture. 

More private rooms, such as bedrooms and bathrooms, also underwent seismic stylistic changes. In the first part of the decade, as couples reunited after years of war-driven separation, bedrooms – such as the one illustrated here – became larger and more lavish places in which to spend quality time rather than just sleep.

However, in the later portion of the decade when Art Deco began to vie with Bauhaus for stylistic prominence, the German preference for Functionalism came to the fore and bedrooms were again paired back to a simpler form.

Bathrooms became substantially more glamorous in the 20s too. The geometric shapes so essential to the Art Deco style were well-suited to tile patterns and sleek fixtures.

What's more, with the dramatic expansion of indoor plumbing in the early part of the century, many bathrooms were undergoing renovation and embracing the latest in bathing advancements. The result was a new standard of luxury – spacious tubs, double vanities, opulent light fixtures – all synonymous with ‘modern’ living. 

Architectural styles, too, were evolving and developing during the 20s. Interestingly, for a generation so focused on modernity, Tudor-style homes saw a massive resurgence during the decade in both the US and the UK.

Many architects made their careers designing entire neighbourhoods in the Tudor Revival style, like this one in Seattle, Washington constructed by J. Stanley Long in 1920.

In stark contrast, some architects, such as Frank Lloyd Wright, decided to look forward rather than backward for inspiration.

In the 1920s, Wright developed what became known as the textile concrete block system, which resulted in a series of distinctly modern and unusual looking homes that played with texture and structure using of interlocking concrete cubes.

These included the Millard House, the Samuel Freeman House, the Ennis House and the garden of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo (pictured) all built in 1923.

Also on the rise at the time, thanks to the introduction of ‘talkies’, films were quickly becoming the opiate of the masses, drawing enormous crowds to new ‘movie palaces’, often built in the Art Deco style.

Glamorous film stars in dramatic scenarios – like Shirley Mason, pictured here – captured the imagination of audiences in both the US and the UK and further fuelled the culture of consumption sweeping both nations.

Indeed, the movie craze of the mid-1920s even shifted consumerism towards what historian Maria Slowinska dubbed “performative consumption”, or the concept of buying goods to prove that you were tuned in to cultural trends. This, of course, meant all things Art Deco.

From furnishings to decorative items to fashion, films and film stars helped drive the craze for Art Deco style, solidifying what came to be the iconic ‘look’ of the decade.

Of course, for many living in both Britain and America, the glamour of 1920s consumer culture was out of both ideological and physical reach.

Urbanites might frequent movie palaces and department stores; coveting home goods that might ostensibly help their domestic lives keep pace with the Roaring Twenties.

However, the vast rural swathes of both countries remained largely untouched by the sociocultural changes brought about by the end of the war, as can be seen in this 1925 photo of a Midwestern farmhouse.

Those who did not live in proximity to the urban high life continued on with predominantly agrarian lifestyles. While increased industrialism was beginning to make changes to the farming industry, most agricultural establishments were still small, family-run operations.

Tasks were allocated along traditional gender roles – men working the fields and tending livestock, women attending to more domestic responsibilities such as cooking, canning, sewing and child-rearing.

Another important social dichotomy of the decade was its rampant economic disparity. While in popular cultural memory, the 20s were an era of wealth, opulence and excess, in reality the economic divide was nearly as wide as it had been at the turn of the century.

In the US in particular, immigrant families, whose very presence facilitated the industrial boom and mass consumerism of the time, lived in crowded tenement buildings, often sharing rooms or even beds with strangers.

Urban areas threw wealth disparity into particularly high relief. New York City, with its enormous immigrant population, was infamous for its unsanitary overcrowded tenement buildings, such as the one pictured here.

While various reform campaigns had been continuously launched against this housing crisis for decades – perhaps most famously Jacob Riis’ 1890 photojournalistic work How The Other Half Lives – it was not until the end of the decade when the 1929 Multiple Dwelling Law brought about real change for those in low-income housing by enforcing new hygiene and safety standards.

Change was afoot in other areas of the social landscape too. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave every US woman the right to vote, while in the UK, the same right was afforded to women over the age of 21 in 1928.

The boom in mass production created more jobs in urban areas and women started to enter the workforce in larger numbers and earn their own disposable income. 

Opportunities were opening outside the domestic sphere and women were beginning to establish their place in the political and public realms, though there was still a long way to go. 

Pictured here, a group of American suffragists sit in a reception room and watch women's rights activist Alice Paul sew stars onto a banner in celebration of the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Alongside the backdrop of social reform, the 20s were also a period of resplendent material wealth and hedonism for the rich, urban population. 

For the first time in American history, more people lived in cities than on farms, and this gave rise to the infamous nightclubs, dancehalls and speakeasies that live on in lore today. This era of carefree excess is generally referred to as the Jazz Age.

Flappers were an iconic emblem of the decade. Progressive young women who challenged traditional gender roles, flappers embraced the exuberant spirit of the decade and its new social and economic freedoms, flying in the face of Victorian concepts of morality.

But belying the glittering parties of the Jazz Age, memorialised in novels such as The Great Gatsby, lurked the spectre of Prohibition. From 1920 to 1933, it was illegal in the US to manufacture, transport and sell alcohol. 

The ban was enacted to dissuade what the growing temperance movement of the time termed the "scourge of drunkenness". 

This picture shows women from New Jersey, America who travelled to the Capitol for a Prohibition hearing on April 12, 1926. 

Nevertheless, the parties raged on, with bootleggers smuggling alcohol into the US to fuel the soirées. Americans came up with increasingly ingenious ways to disguise their stashes, from concealing alcohol flasks in lamp bases and hollowed-out books to filling walking canes with their favourite tipples.

Pictured here, a woman shows off a globe ornament designed to hide bootlegged alcohol from the authorities.

Germany, too failed to share in the post-war prosperity enjoyed by the US. In the wake of WWI, Germany entered the regime of the Weimar Republic, a government constructed hastily amidst the chaos and confusion brought about by the abdication of Emperor William in 1918.

The result was a severe economic crisis known as hyperinflation which would grip Germany for the majority of the 1920s, leading to devaluation of currency, skyrocketing prices for goods and the nearly complete collapse of the economy.

Many families could scarcely afford basic household necessities and had to dramatically cut back when it came to domestic purchases. 

Across the pond, Prohibition may not have been a societal hindrance, but post-war economic instability and the enforced policy of deflation certainly were.

The influx of returning soldiers and the loss of foreign markets for staple industries such as coal, iron, steel and shipbuilding resulted in high unemployment rates. Consistent wage cuts led to major industrial strikes, like the General Strike of 1926 pictured here.

For the families of those on strike, those suffering wage cuts or those simply unable to find work, home life became extremely strained. 

Wealthy families, too, found themselves in trouble. With crippling death duties and the subsequent dismissal of staff and breaking up of estates, it seemed to be increasingly clear that stately homes had no place in this practical, post-war world.

Many landholders who had been converted to emergency hospitals and rehabilitation centres during the war effort found them excessively large and empty once they were returned to the family.

Over in France, people were enjoying what became known as 'Les Annes Folles', or the crazy years, a time of riotous artistic expression, theatrical innovation and literary production.

It also became a home for many Americans, disenchanted with US consumerism and hypocrisy, who decamped for Paris to form a celebrated group known as the Lost Generation. 

Consequently, France was heavily influenced by American popular culture of the decade, embracing the Flapper Girl, party culture and, above all else, Art Deco design.

In 1925, Paris held the International Exposition of Decorative Arts, an exhibition designed by the French government to showcase modern architecture, furniture, domestic ornaments and other decorative arts gathered from across Europe and indeed around the world.

The exhibition was a celebration of Art Deco and similar styles, many of which were showcased for the first time at the Exposition.

Pictured here is a model dining room which debuted at the Exposition, with modern furniture designed by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann.

Despite having suffered proportionately heavy losses during the Great War, Australia prospered during the 1920s, enjoying many of the advancements in modern technology and culture which were exported from the US and UK.

The country also saw a substantial suburban housing boom during the decade, with architects embracing the Canadian ranch style for new builds.

For the first time, women became primary consumers, particularly in the domestic sphere, and popular magazines such as Home, first published in Sydney in 1920, catered to this new market.

Tremendous change also hit Canada in the wake of the war. Much of the country remained agrarian, but the collapse of the wheat market forced many to abandon their farms and head to the cities in search of work. Those who remained struggled to recover economically. However, by the middle of the decade, increased demand for Canadian raw materials in the United States helped improve the agrarian economy once again. 

Pictured here, a cluster of men and boys stand in the snow outside the farmhouse belonging to Charles Henry Weese in 1920. The Ontario home has been identified as belonging to the second concession of Thurlow Township, a form of land-survey division introduced in the 1700s. 

However, for indigenous peoples, the 1920s were a particularly difficult time. Ironically, just as Canada began to establish itself as culturally distinct from British society, Indigenous Peoples found themselves increasingly forced to assimilate to European cultural norms.

The Indian Act of 1920 made it mandatory for Indigenous children to attend residential schools, stripping them away from their homes and families and attempting to stamp out all memory of their heritage.

The two Sioux couples pictured here outside their tepee in Alberta, Canada would almost certainly have lost their children to these residential schools.

This age of excess ended abruptly in the autumn of 1929 with the Wall Street Crash, when the American stock markets suddenly collapsed, launching the nation and then the world into a crippling recession.

The crash dramatically altered everyday life for nearly everyone – rich and poor, urban and rural – and ushered in a new decade of unparalleled economic crisis known as the Great Depression.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered a global economic downturn, leading to the Great Depression. Countries reliant on American loans, like Germany and Austria, faced banking crises, while Britain and France saw industrial decline and rising unemployment.

Global trade collapsed as protectionist policies, such as the US Smoot-Hawley Tariff, worsened economic struggles worldwide. Many nations experienced political instability, paving the way for extremist movements.

This picture of a businessman selling his car after losing everything on the stock market only scratches the surface of the sacrifices people had to make at home post-crash.

Gone were the industrial drive and economic robustness that had powered the first part of the decade, replaced instead by a return to penny-pinching, which rivalled even the previous war-time restraints.

Around the world, people went back to economising on home comforts, reducing their spending on anything not deemed a necessity and getting creative with ways to reduce energy and waste.

While the Roaring Twenties may have been cut off in its prime, the decade nevertheless ushered in an era of dramatic domestic and cultural change which would have lasting effects throughout the 20th century.

New advancements in technology brought electricity and innovation into the home, the age of Art Deco inspired a desire for more streamlined, simplified interior design and the concepts of consumerism and mass production continue to influence material culture and industry to this day.

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