After the glitz and glamour of the 1920s and 1930s, the party came to an abrupt halt in 1939 as the world went to war once again.

We take a look at the impact this important decade had on everyday life, discovering the architecture, décor and habits of a 1940s home both during and after World War II.

Read on to discover what life was like at home and overseas for Americans during the 1940s. To enjoy these pictures on a desktop computer FULL SCREEN, click on the icon at the top right of the image...

The outbreak of the Second World War marked the end of normalcy, bringing drastic changes to daily life, much like the economic crash a decade earlier.

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, prompting France and Great Britain to declare war two days later. The conflict rapidly expanded to involve major powers like Russia, China, Japan, Italy and, of course, the United States, leading to the deaths of over 60 million people worldwide and widespread destruction.

The US entered the war in December 1941 after Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, which claimed over 2,400 lives. By 1945, the Allied Forces (Great Britain, America, Russia and China making up the 'Big Four') emerged victorious. The war’s impact reshaped societies globally, altering everyday life, from clothing and food to overall living conditions.

On both sides of the Atlantic, a genuine community spirit developed and often transcended class and other barriers as people 'battened down the hatches' to protect their homes and lives.

While the war effort was, of course, focused on the frontlines, it dramatically altered the lives of those left behind as well.

With the majority of men of working age engaged in combat, women in America rolled up their sleeves and joined the workforce in droves to fill in the gaps left behind by husbands and fathers.

Home lives were simplified, family units condensed and many people moved away from cities, where possible.

With supply chains cut off all over the world, the 1940s saw a dramatic reduction in consumption across the board from food and clothes to home goods.

Plus, the majority of factories were repurposed to aid the war effort by producing uniforms, weaponry and other equipment, putting a halt on the production of whatever goods they had previously produced and reducing the number of consumer items available.

Families queued for hours to collect ration books. These were forms of documentation which outlined the holder’s entitlement to the various goods in short supply due to import reductions. Rationing forced families to limit ‘luxury’ items such as coffee, sugar, butter, alcohol and certain meats.

Homes built in 1940s America were practical and efficient, influenced by wartime and postwar needs but came in a variety of styles. The so-called 'minimal traditional' houses (pictured), developed in the 1930s in response to the economic strains, remained popular into the early 40s thanks to their simplicity, space efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Cape Cod Revival homes featured steep roofs and symmetrical facades. Single-storey ranch-style houses emerged in the late 1940s, with open layouts and attached garages.

Some of the most iconic residences were built in the 'International' style and embraced modernist principles with flat roofs and large windows. 

A 1940s kitchen was compact, practical and designed for efficiency. Built-in cabinets were rare; instead, freestanding store cupboards and tables were used, with wall-mounted shelving or big pieces such as a dresser or sideboard added for extra storage.

Colour schemes often featured muted pastels, with floral or checkered patterns on walls and curtains in pinks, pale blues, soft greens and cheery yellows.

Kitchens served as multi-purpose spaces for housework like laundry and sewing, making them the hub of daily home life.

With wartime rationing in full effect, kitchens were geared up for frugal cooking, conserving food through canning, pickling and preserving, making the most of limited supplies.

In this image, Mrs Fidel Romero proudly shows off her large pantry of Mason jars, air-tight glass storage jars still popular today, containing preserved ingredients as part of a campaign to encourage Americans to preserve foods.

Kitchens in the 1940s also frequently featured a hodgepodge of appliances, depending on the wealth and location of the household.

A new Frigidaire refrigerator might be seen next to an antiquated Chambers stove, for example. Essentials included a gas or coal stove and an icebox or basic refrigerator, while electric gadgets were minimal and most things were done by hand.

Meanwhile, newly developed materials were on full display, with linoleum floors, enamel tabletops and chrome fixtures and fittings.

The heart of the home, the living room, was where families gathered to listen to the radio, anxiously following the world’s news. Most living rooms also featured phonographs, later better known as gramophones, which played the latest hits from Bing Crosby and Glenn Miller when spirits needed lifting. 

In terms of interior design, the 1940s were an eclectic mix of leftover Art Deco glamour and the dawn of mid-century modern minimalism. With furniture, like most goods, in short supply, most families kept their furniture from the 1930s throughout the war.

By the late 1940s, televisions were appearing in American homes. Although electronic TVs existed since the 1920s, their development stalled during the Second World War due to resource shortages. After the war, television’s popularity soared.

In 1946, only 6,000 American households had a TV, but by 1949, that number exceeded 1 million, paving the way for the 1950s' golden age of television.

Television soon overtook radio as the main broadcast medium and, with the arrival of colour TVs in the 1950s, it became the centre of home entertainment.

Like other spaces in the home, dining rooms underwent a gradual stylistic shift over the course of the decade. The traditional setup for a wartime dining room was a table and chairs, a buffet (a store cupboard with plenty of storage inside) and a china cabinet. 

There would often be a timepiece of some sort, perhaps a mantel or grandfather clock, a fireplace for heat and warmth and very often a phone.

Most 1940s bedrooms featured either a double or twin beds with a down-filled duvet, though hot water bottles were often required in colder months due to fuel rationing.

This illustration from the Ladies’ Home Journal is representative of a traditional bedroom from the time. Replete with ruffles, this cheerful yellow room features a canopied bed and hardwood furnishings.

This picture shows a substantially more glamorous bedroom from the period belonging to popular screen actress Florence Desmond, complete with a mirrored niche and sumptuous oversized satin headboard.

Floral and chintz fabrics were popular for bedding and drapes and large mirrors were standard for both practical and ornamental purposes.

In 1940s America, Murphy beds were also known as wall beds and were very popular in small homes or apartments.

Designed to fold up into a wall or a cabinet which helped save a lot of space, when the bed wasn't in use it would look like a part of the wall or a cabinet, giving you more room for other activities. 

As people flocked to the cities to find work and were forced to live in smaller homes and apartments, Murphy beds allowed them to make the most of their limited space.

Bathrooms in the US were transformed in the 1940s, thanks in part to new plumbing codes which meant all new houses were built with hot and cold piped water, a bathtub or shower and an indoor flushing toilet as standard. 

Overall, 65% of American homes had a flush toilet in 1940, but this differed vastly between rich and poor, urban and rural. This increased to 76% by 1950.

In the later 1940s, luxury became more commonplace and the Baby Boom effect meant growing American families wanted bigger bathrooms and more than one in their homes.

Powder rooms, ensuite master baths and 'Jack-and-Jill' shared bathrooms became more popular as prosperity increased.

Plus, the lady of the house needed a space where she could use her curling iron to achieve the latest styles of the time, be it pin curls or the famous Victory Roll which was popular with movie stars and everyday housewives alike. 

Victory gardens were another popular addition to American homes during the war, a trend carried over from the First World War. With widespread food rationing in both countries, home production of fresh fruit and vegetables became essential. In more suburban homes, people planted victory gardens in their backyards, while in cities, rooftops were converted into greenspaces, like the one pictured here. 

By the end of the war in 1945 American victory gardeners had grown between 8 and 10 million tons of food, according to the National Park Service. 

By the 1940s, rural America had been reshaped by the Dust Bowl, which devastated farms, displaced millions and deepened the Great Depression.

Over 2.5 million fled Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas and Arkansas, seeking jobs in cities and California, though many remained homeless and unemployed.

This 1940 photo captures a Texas migrant family living in a trailer on Arizona Highway 87, south of Chandler, without sanitation or water.

The advent of the Second World War brought further challenges to rural communities. With so many young men enlisted in the military – around 16 million according to records, women, older adults and even children took on the extra responsibilities to cover labour shortages and meet demand for food production.

The war effort drew families away from farms and small towns, driving them into larger urban centres. After a period of stagnant urban growth during the Great Depression, city populations surged in the 1940s as rural communities emptied out.

The 1940s was also a time of homesteading, a lifestyle characterised by self-sufficiency and living off the land. President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced a program of Subsistence Homesteading in the 1930s and 40s, designed to help Americans suffering in the Dust Bowl after the Great Depression.

These homesteads and farms, like the New Mexico cabin pictured here, became vital sources of food when the war broke out and the US became more heavily reliant on domestic produce.

While the 1940s saw a mass migration from rural areas to cities, not to the mention the departure of thousands of men to join the armed forces, those who opted to remain on farms had a vital role to play.

In many ways, the American farming lifestyle remained unchanged during the war years, as seen in this 1941 snapshot from a Georgia family farmhouse which looked much as it might have 100 years ago. However, these farmers were producing more than ever thanks to government investments in agriculture and technology.

In the United States, economic measures impacted the affluent, with higher taxes and stricter economic regulations introduced to support the war effort.

Despite their wealth, American elites also experienced rationing and other constraints. The wealthy in both nations adjusted to these changes by sacrificing luxury items and supporting national goals.

This era marked a departure from the opulent lifestyles of the 1920s and early 1930s, as many of the rich shifted focus to patriotism and survival.

Many stately mansions, too, took on new life during the war. Pictured here, the Whitelaw Reid mansion in Ohio, a private residence which had formerly hosted banquets and balls, was repurposed as the Women’s Military Services Club.

With overnight accommodations and facilities, the club would provide a base for every member of the women’s auxiliaries to the Army, Navy and Marine Corps.

However, out on the West Coast, life for Hollywood’s elite was a different story. These celebrated few still had their domestic creature comforts during the war thanks to special provisions made by the studios, but that doesn’t mean they weren’t willing to do their part to support the war effort.

Pictured here, Mary Pickford hosts a party for 25 young Royal Air Force students in 1944 at her Pickfair estate in Hollywood.

The 1940s also saw the return of Wallis Simpson, the American socialite-turned-wife of the abdicated King Edward VIII, to her American roots. In the pre-war years, Wallis and Edward had been living in France, and in 1937 the couple had made a high-profile visit to Germany where they had met Adolph Hitler.

Amid scrutiny and disdain from the English press and royal family, the couple visited Wallis’s Uncle at Salona Farm in Baltimore, Maryland in 1941, where Wallis went on a publicly criticised shopping spree, cheating the clothes rationing religiously observed by the rest of the royal family. 

In some privileged pockets, however, life was a little easier. Pictured here, California Governor Earl Warren and his family sit around the table at the State Executive Mansion in Sacramento in 1943.

As governor, Warren and his clan experienced the same wartime restrictions as other Americans, including rationing of food, gas and other essentials but as a high-ranking official, he likely had fewer personal hardships than the average citizen.

America also played host to the royal family of Luxembourg, who sought sanctuary there after the Nazis invaded their country in 1940.

Pictured here, Prince Felix takes a photo of his six children outside of their temporary residence of Hillwood, the Long Island estate of American businesswoman and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, who had long been a friend of the Grand Duchess.

The beautiful Tudor-style home offered the family much-needed sanctuary when they first arrived in exile.

This image of Franklin D. Roosevelt with First Lady Eleanor and his mother, Sara, by the east fireplace in their New York home, gives us some idea of the elegant style of the era.

The longest-serving US president, FDR was known for his 'fireside chats' radio broadcasts during both the Great Depression and Second World War, offering hope and unity to the American listeners.

After his death in April 1945, he was buried in the rose garden of his Hyde Park home.

Perhaps America’s most iconic stately residence, the White House, too, saw substantial changes during the decade. By the end of the Second World War, the building was on the brink of collapse and, tired of the creaking floorboards and general state of dilapidation, President Truman embarked on a much-needed restoration project.

The house is pictured here in 1949 at the start of the renovation, which completely gutted the building and took three years to complete. 

Though he had originally been a prominent voice opposing the US’s entering the Second World War, inventor and businessman Henry Ford went from building motorcars to building planes, tanks, engines and other military machines to aid the war effort.

Pictured here is Ford’s spectacular Detroit mansion, Fair Lane, which he completed in 1915 to serve as his primary residence with his wife Clara. He died here in April of 1947.

The Second World War ended in 1945 with Germany's surrender on May 7, followed by the official acceptance on May 8, known as VE Day (Victory in Europe). Massive celebrations erupted across the UK, France and Europe, with parades, street parties and joyous crowds.

In the Pacific, the war continued until Japan surrendered on August 15, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, marking VJ Day (Victory over Japan). The formal surrender was signed on September 2. The end of the war brought widespread relief, celebration and hope for lasting peace across the war-torn world.

The war had generated a massive spike in urbanisation across America. Increased production to meet the material needs of the conflict resulted in a vast number of factory jobs, which attracted many migrants and saw people moving from the countryside to the city.

The result was the highest national mobility rates the country had ever seen, with one in every five Americans having moved by the end of the war, according to the National Park Service of America. From 1940 to 1950, 21% of Americans moved to a different county or state.

With so many people flooding into cities to take up industrial, ‘war-worker’ jobs, urban areas quickly became overcrowded. The American government began encouraging people to take on boarders while constructing new war-worker housing at lightning speed.

Unfortunately, the pace at which these new homes were constructed meant that sometimes the workmanship was substandard, resulting in poor plumbing, paper-thin walls and minimal privacy, such as the Chicago tenements pictured here. 

While many may have moved to cities seeking employment and a better life, the reality was far grimmer than expected.

Due to the widespread urban housing shortage, many families moved into company-provided housing, like the family pictured here in their apartment provided by the Mary Leila Textile Mill in Greensboro, Georgia in 1941. The room is clean and well-kept, placing it on the upper scale of such housing, but definitely still small for a growing family.

For many, conditions were dramatically worse. Even those who didn’t live in tenement buildings were often the victims of overcrowding, poor hygiene and limited or absent facilities as the result of the national crisis.

Many Americans had never fully recovered from the Great Depression and at the start of the war, 40% of American families were living in poverty.

And then there were those without homes at all. Homelessness had become a dramatic problem in the US during the Great Depression of the 1930s, with hundreds of thousands of Americans camping out in makeshift shantytowns known as ‘Hoovervilles’, emphasizing the role that then-president Herbert Hoover had played in the economic crisis.

These shantytowns still stood throughout the early 1940s, the onset of the war having left little time to resolve the homelessness crisis. However, the problem of homelessness persisted far deeper into the decade. Pictured here is a refuge in Santa Barbara, California in 1946.

Prefab homes were a solution to the housing shortage following the return of soldiers from battle and the baby boom that followed. These were largely produced from surplus wartime materials such as aluminium and fibreglass. They were advertised as an affordable alternative to the traditional house.

This picture shows pre-fabricated houses on the home front in Linda Vista, San Diego in 1943.

One particularly popular model was the Lustron house (pictured here) invented by Chicago industrialist Carl Strandlund. They were made from enamelled steel and were more durable than those made from most prefab building materials. Many Lustron houses are still standing today and are on the National Register of Historic Places.

To prevent a postwar depression and fuel a building boom, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or G.I. Bill, into law in June 1944. It provided WWII veterans with funding for college, unemployment benefits and affordable housing.

By the decade’s end, over two million veterans had become homeowners through government-backed mortgages with little or no down payment. Veterans accounted for 20% of all new home purchases, spurring economic growth and lasting prosperity.

Roosevelt's bill didn’t come soon enough for many veterans returning from war. Unable to find homes for their families, some were so hard up that they took shelter in chicken coops and tool sheds, according to CNN.

Despite FDR’s New Deal reforms aimed at easing poverty, veterans took to the streets of New York City in 1946 to protest the housing shortage and poor living conditions.

Placards read: "From foxholes to shacks! We had more room in the foxholes!"

Veterans were not the only ones aggrieved. African Americans lived in some of the most overcrowded and low-quality housing in America, not able to benefit from the government-implemented home loans made available after the war due to racial discrimination.

The loans were originated by private lenders, who either refused to grant loans to African Americans, or prohibited them from purchasing homes due to restrictive covenants. This process, known as redlining, severely impacted their long-term economic mobility. 

Life was no easier for Japanese Americans after the war. Around 125,000 were detained in concentration camps within America following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

This photo shows life in one called the Manzanar Relocation Center, California, the first of the camps to be built.

Although the camps were officially closed in 1946, Japanese Americans continued to encounter racial discrimination and struggled to find work and housing, with many real estate agents and landlords refusing to rent or sell to them.

Meanwhile, for those not facing a housing crisis, the end of the war brought about dramatic changes in interior design. As rations were lifted and economies shuddered back into life, America saw a rise in consumer culture.

Homes became more functional and less formal, with an emphasis on material goods which could now be mass-produced thanks to new processes developed during the war. 

In the second half of the decade, once wartime restrictions and rations were lifted and families were free to spend again, many living rooms got a modern facelift.

Furnishings featured sleek, streamlined silhouettes, plywood panelling, glass tables, geometric prints, and orange, brown and green colour palettes. Man-made materials such as plastic and fibreglass came into prominence, as did warm woods such as teak and rosewood.

After the war, suburban families sought décor that matched their airy, open-plan homes. Designers like Charles and Ray Eames embraced the democratisation of design, aiming to bring “the most of the best to the greatest number for the least money".

Most people would buy their furniture in local independent shops and larger department stores, often featuring extensive furniture departments.

From 1945 to 1950, some cities experienced another dramatic shift as middle-class families moved out of the centres into the newly created suburbs. The Federal Housing Administration and Servicemen's Readjustment Act helped to fuel the housing industry, driving yet another mass migration away from cities and into the newly emerging ‘suburbia.’

These new builds were characterised by peaked roofs, picture windows, smaller living spaces, attached garages... and the fact that they all looked very similar.

Levittown, Long Island, was the first of the postwar suburban communities, built in 1947 by the Levitt brothers on former potato farms. Its identical houses lined straight streets and cul-de-sacs, shaping a new American lifestyle.

Buyers chose between two home models, five colour schemes and different window arrangements. Each 750-square-foot (70 sqm) house featured two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen, a living room and an attic.

Priced at $8,500, the equivalent of about $120,000 (£96k) today, a home required just a $100 down payment, making homeownership widely accessible.

As the 40s gave way to the 50s, the US entered a new era of rebuilding, reimagining and reinventing what the modern home should look like – a new style of home for a new style of living. 

Several distinctive architectural styles emerged inspired by the optimism and technological leaps of this transformative decade.

People's homes, buildings and lives would never be the same again...

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